养殖池塘底泥中恩诺沙星对氮转化的影响

为了研究水产养殖池塘底泥中抗生素残留对氮赋存形态及氮转化功能微生物的影响。选取养殖环境中常见的恩诺沙星（ENR）为目标污染物,设置0、1.0、2.0、5.0 mg/kg 4 个梯度开展模拟试验。结果显示：底泥中NH⁺₄-N和NO^-₃-N含量随试验开展呈下降趋势,添加ENR后,底泥中NO^-₂-N含量增加 7.55%~15.30%;底泥氮转化相关基因中,anammox相对丰度最高,占比60.0%~78.4%。厌氧氨氧化是底泥中氮转化的主要途径,底泥中NH⁺₄-N含量与anammox丰度呈极度负相关;底泥中低含量ENR（1.0 mg/kg）会促进nxrA基因的生长或繁殖,但含量超过2.0 mg/kg时对反硝化基因nirK有明显抑制作用。     

Evaluation the Clinitek status automated dipstick analysis device for semiquantitative testing of canine urine

The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the Clinitek status™ analyser using Multistix10SG™/Microalbustix™ dipsticks (all: Siemens Dx) for canine urine (n = 101) compared to reference methods: visual reading (Combur9 dipstick, Roche), refractometry, microscopy, and quantitative protein/creatinine analysis (Pentra400, AxonLab). The automated analyses were done twice and visual tests were performed by two examiners.An excellent to good concordance was demonstrated between the first/second analysis with the Multistix10SG and the Combur9 dipstick, respectively with Cohen’s κ-values ranging from 0.776 to 1.000. Agreement between both dipsticks was good for glucose (κ = 0.753), blood (κ = 0.793), protein (κ = 0.788), and moderate for bilirubin (κ = 0.431) and ketones (κ = 0.540). In 6/101 specimens, false positive ketone reactions were obtained with the Multistix10SG™. Multistix10SG™ could not be used for determination of pyuria or specific gravity. Semiquantitative/quantitative protein results correlated well (ρ = 0.90) and creatinine measurements moderately (ρ = 0.76). Due to automated data transmission to the laboratory information system, the Clinitek status™ is of advantage in veterinary laboratories/clinics.     

海马齿生态浮床对海水养殖池塘的修复效果

[目的]研究海马齿生态浮床对海水养殖池塘的修复效果。[方法]采取自然条件下周期性监测,根据试验海塘的地理形状和海马齿浮床铺设分布特点,设试验区和对照区,其中试验区设有海马齿区和无海马齿区,选择传统鱼塘作为对照区,研究养殖池塘在原位生态修复方法下水体氮、磷营养盐、海马齿生长、沉积物–水界面通量等的变化规律。[结果]海马齿生态浮床修复的试验区与对照区相比,DO浓度与透明度增大,主要污染物浓度降低。与对照区比较,海马齿浮床对磷、氨、氮有显著去除作用(P0.05),海马齿浮床区域COD含量较对照区明显降低(P0.05)。叶绿素a含量、TPM、POM均表现出试验区较对照区小(P0.05),说明海马齿浮床对水体的颗粒有机物有去除作用。11月浮床区海马齿C储量为39.56 g/m~2,N储量为0.77 g/m~2,P储量为0.21 g/m~2。[结论]海马齿生态浮床能改善养殖区域生态环境。     

黄土高塬沟壑区道路排水沟侵蚀产沙试验

为给黄土高塬沟壑区道路排水沟水土流失测算及其防护提供科学依据,采用野外原位放水冲刷试验方法,在放水流量10~50 L·min^-1和坡度4°~10°条件下,对土质道路裸露排水沟和植被排水沟的侵蚀产沙规律进行试验研究。结果表明:放水流量和坡度增大,裸露和植被排水沟的径流含沙量和土壤剥蚀率均成倍数增大,与放水流量呈显著指数函数关系;同一试验条件下,裸露排水沟的径流含沙量和土壤剥蚀率分别是植被排水沟的1.3~1.7倍和1.4~2.2倍。放水流量和坡度对裸露排水沟径流含沙量的影响较为接近,而植被排水沟径流含沙量主要受放水流量影响;不论裸露还是植被排水沟,放水流量对土壤剥蚀率的影响都远大于坡度。     

光裸方格星虫(Sipunculus nudus)生物扰动对混养系统沉积物及间隙水中营养物质的影响

采用养殖水化学测定方法分析沉积物中有机质和营养盐含量变化,研究方格星虫生物扰动对混养系统中沉积物的生态效应。混养试验在20个养殖桶内(水体积550 L)进行,方格星虫(1.2±0.1 g)养殖在桶底沙层中,其放养密度为0、50、100和150条/桶;鲻(24.5±0.5 g)的放养密度为3尾/桶,养殖在水体中的网箱中(直径0.8 m、高度0.6 m)。试验共分4个处理组(T0、T50、T100和 T150),每个处理组各设5个重复。结果显示,与对照组(T0)相比,方格星虫组底层(6–8 cm)沙中有机质含量有所增加,但未达到统计学显著差异(P>0.05)。随着试验的进行,4个试验组的间隙水中硝态氮(NO3-N)、氨氮(NH4-N)以及活性磷(SRP)浓度均呈现出升高的趋势。试验结束时,T100和 T150组各层间隙水的 NO3-N 浓度均低于T0组(P<0.05),且底层间隙水的 NO3-N 浓度随方格星虫密度的增加而降低;T0组表层 NH4-N 浓度高于方格星虫组,而底层氨氮却显著低于高密度方格星虫组(T100和 T150)(P<0.05)。结果表明,方格星虫的生物扰动在一定程度上可以促进沉积物表层的有机质向底层转移,从而影响间隙水中氮、磷营养盐的转化和释放。方格星虫的生物扰动在精养池塘中的底质修复作用仍需进一步研究。     

四川紫色土区小流域土壤养分流失初步研究

通过对四川紫色土区小流域降雨的观测、径流养分和泥沙含量的分析,初步探讨了紫色土区养分的流失规律。多数研究认为,土壤养分大部分随泥沙携带而流失,而本文的研究结果却表明了:在研究区域,土壤养分流失的主要途径是径流的流失,而随泥沙携带的潜在土壤养分,由于产沙量较少,其流失总量并不多。     

Physical properties of tsunami-affected soils in Aceh, Indonesia: 2½ years after the tsunami

On 26 December 2004, a tsunami caused extensive loss of life, damaged property and degraded agricultural land in the province of Aceh, Indonesia. While some of the associated soil chemical changes have been documented, information on soil physical properties is sparse. The objective of this study was to quantify physical properties of some tsunami-affected upland agricultural soils in Aceh, Indonesia. Soil was sampled approximately 21/2 years after the tsunami, from the 0–0.1 m, 0.1–0.3 m and 0.3–0.5 m depths in four sites in the villages of Kling Cot Aroun in Aceh Besar sub-district, Kuta Kruen in Aceh Utara sub-district, Udjong Blang Mesjid in Bireuen sub-district and Meue in Pidie Jaya sub-district on the east coast of Aceh. These sites were located within 1 km from the sea at elevations ranging from 0 to 5 m ASL. The soils were Ultisols except for Meue, which was an Entisol. Soil properties measured were bulk density, structural stability and particle size distribution. Soil water retention, pore-size distribution and saturated hydraulic conductivity were estimated by inserting the values of bulk density, clay, sand and silt contents into pedotransfer functions from the literature. The analyses conducted during this study did not permit us to ascertain what proportion of the soil particles were of tsunami-origin. Nonetheless, deposition of finer-textured material may have occurred in two of the sites. In comparison with the greyish-white, coarse textured soil in the rest of the profile, a finer-textured yellow horizon was present in the lower slopes of the Udjong Blang Mesjid site. At Meue, clay and silt contents were higher in the surface 0.3 m than in the 0.3–0.5 m depth, although a distinct horizon was absent. Particle size distribution in all sites was dominated by the sand fraction, although clay and silt contents were relatively high (20–30 g 100 g^− 1) at Kuta Kruen. Among the sand fractions, fine sand (0.02–0.25 mm) was highest at Kling Cot Aroun, Kuta Kruen and in the “yellow horizon” at Udjong Blang Mesjid, making them more prone to hardsetting and compaction after intensive tillage. Soil compaction was present in all sites with that in the “yellow horizon” at Udjong Blang Mesjid being highest. The relatively low porosity in this layer may be beneficial, as it is likely to reduce the high rates of water drainage and nutrient leaching in this sandy soil. The more compacted soils were characterised by higher numbers of micropores (r, pore radius < 4.3 μm), lower water retention at saturation, smaller numbers of macropores (r > 14.3 μm), lower hydraulic conductivity and intensive gleying, indicating frequent waterlogging. The soils in all depths from Kling Cot Aroun and the “yellow horizon” at Udjong Blang Mesjid were very dispersive, that at Meue moderately dispersive in the 0.3–0.5 m depth but stable in the 0–0.1 m depth, and at Kuta Kruen very stable in all depths. Soil physical degradation was a feature of the soils examined, and its amelioration will be the key to improving and sustaining crop yields in these soils. Possible management interventions include organic amendments such as compost or manure, and minimum tillage options such permanent beds or zero tillage with retention of crop residues as in situ mulch together with suitable cover crops.     

Preliminary modelling of sediment production and delivery in the Xihanshui River basin, Gansu, China

This paper outlines an analysis of the spatial distribution of sediment production, delivery and yield in the Xihanshui River basin, South Gansu, China, using the modelling tools of SedNet (Prosser et al., 2001). This model can assess the delivery efficiency to downstream locations, as well as identifying locations with high rates of sediment production. Preliminary model experiments assist understanding of the spatial dynamics of these sediment processes and evaluation of the effectiveness of soil conservation practices since the mid-1980s. Three scenario years (dry, average and wet) from the 1983–2005 record are identified and modelled, and land use and management are represented in the model to reflect known changes since the 1980s. Results show hillslope erosion to be a dominant source of sediment supply, causing the latter to decrease ten-fold between 1984 and 1997/2000. Estimated bank erosion and floodplain deposition rates are sensitive to parameter values, but bank erosion appears less sensitive than hillslope supply to rainfall. The model can be used to assess net changes in floodplain storage; for default parameters, floodplain deposition rates are 25–200 times the rates of bank erosion depending on the climate scenario. Comparing simulation results with measured sediment yields at the three gauging stations indicates encouraging agreement in 2000. In 1984 (the wet year), the model under-predicts, suggesting that additional unmodelled sediment production processes, especially mass movement and gully erosion, may be important in wet years. Mass movement inventory data could close the gap between the high yields measured in the wet scenario year and the estimated yield due to hillslope erosion alone. In 1997 (the dry year), the model over-predicts; this suggests that the land use change parameters required to reflect the effects of conservation may not have been sufficient, implying that conservation has been generally effective, and that evidence of declining sediment yield is not simply a reflection of drier conditions.     

Sediment production following severe wildfire and post-fire salvage logging in the Rocky Mountain headwaters of the Oldman River Basin, Alberta

In 2003, the Lost Creek fire burned 21,000 ha of nearly contiguous crown land forests in the headwater regions of the Oldman River Basin, Alberta. Seven small watersheds with various levels of land disturbance (burned, post-fire salvage logged, unburned) were instrumented and monitored for four years to measure stream discharge, sediment concentration, and sediment yields for a range of dominant flow periods characteristic of the region (baseflow, spring melt, and stormflow). Stream discharges reflected runoff regimes consistent with high regional precipitation and the high relief physiographic setting of the study area. Suspended sediment concentrations and yields were significantly higher in both burned and post-fire salvage logged watersheds than in unburned watersheds and were strongly influenced by topographic and hydro-climatic controls. Sediment availability was much higher in both the burned and post-fire salvage logged watersheds but it varied strongly with flow condition, particularly during the snowmelt freshet and high flow events. Because of increases in wildfire frequency and severity over recent decades, understanding the range of impacts from both wildfire and post-disturbance management strategies such as salvage logging is likely to become increasingly important for land managers.     

珠江口淇澳岛红树林湿地沉积物碳、氮分布研究

为了对珠江口红树林湿地沉积物有机质有更为全面、深入的认识,以珠江口淇澳岛红树林湿地为对象,对其沉积物有机碳(TOC)和总氮(TN)的含量分布、储量及来源进行了研究。结果表明,淇澳岛7种主要红树[秋茄(Kandelia candel)、无瓣海桑(Sonneratia opetala)、桐花(Aegiceras corniculatum)、木榄(Bruguiera gymnorhiza)、卤蕨(Acrostichum aureum)、老鼠簕(Acanthus ilicifolius)、海漆(Excoecaria agallocha)]群落表层沉积物TOC质量分数介于1.125%~1.969%,TN质量分数介于0.058%~0.136%。其中秋茄林内TOC含量最高,无瓣海桑林缘TOC含量最高,而木榄林内、林缘TOC含量均最低,且各红树群落TOC含量均呈林内大于林缘的特征。表层沉积物碳氮比(C/N)为12.032~26.690,显示出高等植物对其有机质组成具有较高的贡献率,其中植被内源有机碳的平均贡献率约为70.21%。受土地利用变化等因素的影响,0~30 cm层沉积物的TOC和TN含量均呈现出波动变化的趋势。0~30 cm层沉积物有机碳储量(SOC)介于56.83~69.54 t·hm?2,显示出淇澳岛红树林湿地较强的有机碳埋藏能力。